Pengertian
Line Follower Robot (LFR)
Line
Follower Robot (Robot Pengikut Garis) merupakan robot yang dapat berjalan
mengikuti sebuah lintasan, ada yang menyebutnya dengan Line Tracker, Line
Tracer Robot dan sebagainya. Garis yang dimaksud adalah garis berwarna hitam
diatas permukaan berwarna putih atau sebaliknya, ada juga lintasan dengan warna
lain dengan permukaan yang kontras (gelap-terang) dengan warna garisnya.
Bagaimana cara robot mengikuti garis?
Seperti
layaknya manusia, bagaimana manusia dapat berjalan pada mengikuti jalan yang
ada tanpa menabrak dan sebagainya, tentunya karena manusia memiliki “mata”
sebagai penginderanya. Begitu juga robot line follower ini, dia memiliki sensor
garis yang berfungsi seperti “mata” pada manusia.
Gambar 2. Sensor garis
Sensor garis
ini mendeteksi adanya garis pada permukaan lintasan dengan
membandingkan kondisi saat terkena permukaan gelap dan permukaan terang. Informasi yang diterima sensor garis kemudian
diteruskan ke prosesor untuk diolah sedemikian rupa dan akhirnya hasil
informasi hasil olahannya akan diteruskan ke penggerak atau motor agar motor
dapat menyesuaikan gerak tubuh robot sesuai garis yang dideteksinya.
Misalkan
dalam Gambar 1 (sensor kiri pada permukaan gelap dan sensor kanan pada
permukaan terang) robot dikondisikan berjalan maju (lurus), maka robot akan
berbelok apabila sensor menemui kondisi yang berbeda:
a) Tikungan ke kanan
Gambar 3. Kondisi sensor
saat berbelok ke kanan
Ketika
sensor kanan bertemu dengan permukaan gelap, roda kanan akan berutar ke
belakang (mundur) sehingga robot berbelok kekanan.
Gambar 4. Kondisi sensor
saat berbelok ke kiri
a) Tikungan ke kiri
Ketika
sensor kiri bertemu dengan permukaan terang, roda kiri akan berutar ke belakang
(mundur) sehingga robot berbelok ke kiri.
Komponen
Utama Line Follower Robot Analog
1. Led
Led (light emitting diode) merupakan instrument
elektronika yang dapat menghasilkan cahaya.
Gambar 5. Bentuk led dan skematik led
1. Photodioda
Bentuk dari Photodioda sama dengan LED namun
fungsinya berbeda. Photodioda digunakan sebagai sensor cahaya, bila Photodioda menerima
banyak cahaya maka hambatan Photodioda berkurang
sebaliknya bila menerima sedikit cahaya maka hambatannya akan bertambah.
Gambar 6. Bentuk dan symbol photo dioda
1. IC Komparator
Komparator
sesuai namanya berfungsi untuk membandingkan tegangan input dengan
tegangan referensi. Apabila tegangan input lebih besar dari tegangan referensi
maka tegangan outputnya akan sama dengan tegangan maks power supply (high/1),
apabila tegangan input lebih kecil dari tegangan referensi maka tegangan
outputnya akan sama dengan tegangan min power supply (low/0).
Gambar 7.
Skematik dan bentuk IC komparator
1. Transistor
Transistor adalah alat yang dipakai sebagai penguat, sebagai
sirkuit pemutus dan penyambung (saklar),
modulasi sinyal atau sebagai fungsi lainnya. Pada line follower
fungsinya lebih diutamakan sebagai saklar (switch) pada rangkaian motor
penggerak.
Gambar 8. transistor BD 139(NPN) dan BD140 (PNP)
1.
Resistor
Resistor adalah komponen
elektronika yang berfungsi untuk memberikan hambatan terhadap
aliran arus listrik. Dalam rangkaian listrik dibutuhkan resistor dengan
spesifikasi tertentu, seperti besar
hambatan, arus maksimum yang boleh dilewatkan dan karakteristik hambatan
terhadap suhu dan panas. Resistor memberikan hambatan agar komponen yang diberi
tegangan tidak dialiri dengan arus yang besar, serta dapat digunakan sebagai pembagi
tegangan.
Gambar 9. Resistor
1.
Opto coupler
Optocoupler merupakan salah
satu jenis komponen yang terdiri dari pasangan LED dan Photo transistor, dimana
transistor akanaktif ketika LED menyala (dialiri arus). Hal ini dapat
dimanfaatkan untuk memisahkan rangkaian komparator dengan rangkaian driver pada line follower analog.
Gambar 10. Skematik dan bentuk Optocoupler
1.
Motor DC
Motor DC merupakan motor yang membutuhkan arus
searah (DC) dalam penggunaannya. Umumnya berkecepatan rendah sampai
sedang, dengan
penggunaan daya rendah sehingga cocok untuk digunakan dalam pembuatan robot berukuran
kecil.
Gambar 11. motor DC
1.
Trimpot
Trimpot (Trimmer
Potentiometer) adalah jenis resistor variable
berupa potensiometer
yang cara mengubah nilai tahanannya dengan cara mentrim dengan menggunakan
obeng. Fungsi lainnya yakni digunakan untuk memperoleh tegangan yang
bervariasi dengan memanfaatkan rumus pembagi tegangan dari dua resistor, jadi
dibaratkan dalam trimpot terdapat dua resistor yang dihubungkan seri dimana
nilai hambatannnya dapat diubah-ubah.
Gambar 12. Trimpot
Skema
Rangkaian Robot
1.
Sensor Garis
Apa
itu sensor garis? Yang dimaksud sensor garis disini adalah suatu perangkat/alat
yang digunakan untuk mendeteksi adanya sebuah garis atau tidak. Garis yang
dimaksud adalah garis berwarna hitam di atas permukaan berwarna putih. Alat
ini menggunakan teknik pantulan cahaya yang ditangkap oleh photodiode dari
sebuah LED.
Gambar 13. Skema rangkaian sensor
1.
Komparator
Sebuah komparator dalam robot line tracer untuk menghasilkan tegangan output dengan logika high atau low (1 atau 0) yang digunakan untuk mengaktifkan driver motor (Pada penjelasan berikutnya). IC komparator yang digunakan adalah LM339 yang terdiri dari empat buah komparator yang masing-masing membandingkan dua tegangan. Bila tegangan pada channel (A) “lebih besar” dari tegangan channel (B) maka output komparator akan berlogika HIGH atau 1. Sedangkan bila tegangan input pada channel (A) “lebih kecil” dari teganganpada channel(B) maka output komparator akan berlogika LOW atau 0
Gambar 14. Komparator
1.
Driver Motor
Driver motor adalahrangkaian yang digunakan untuk mengendalikan
gerakan motor sesuai dengan polaritas yang diinginkan. Komponen pembuatnya
terdiri dari empat buah transistor yang dirangkai seperti gambar di bawah. Pada
robot line tracer ini, driver sangat penting untuk membuat roda agar dapat berputar
dalam arah maju atau mundur. Jenis driver yang digunakan pada robot ini adalah
driver H seperti pada rangkaian berikut:
Gambar 15. Rangkaian driver H untuk motor DC
Skema Keseluruhan
Gambar 16. Skema sensor, komparator, dan driver untuk satu motor
32 komentar:
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bagus kk saya WENDI ABI PRIADI SMP MUHAMMADIYAH 02 CILACAP
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