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Line Tracer Analog


Pengertian Line Follower Robot (LFR)
Line Follower Robot (Robot Pengikut Garis) merupakan robot yang dapat berjalan mengikuti sebuah lintasan, ada yang menyebutnya dengan Line Tracker, Line Tracer Robot dan sebagainya. Garis yang dimaksud adalah garis berwarna hitam diatas permukaan berwarna putih atau sebaliknya, ada juga lintasan dengan warna lain dengan permukaan yang kontras (gelap-terang) dengan warna garisnya.
Bagaimana cara robot mengikuti garis?
Seperti layaknya manusia, bagaimana manusia dapat berjalan pada mengikuti jalan yang ada tanpa menabrak dan sebagainya, tentunya karena manusia memiliki “mata” sebagai penginderanya. Begitu juga robot line follower ini, dia memiliki sensor garis yang berfungsi seperti “mata” pada manusia.
Gambar 2. Sensor garis
Sensor garis ini mendeteksi adanya garis pada permukaan lintasan dengan membandingkan kondisi saat terkena permukaan gelap dan permukaan terang. Informasi yang diterima sensor garis kemudian diteruskan ke prosesor untuk diolah sedemikian rupa dan akhirnya hasil informasi hasil olahannya akan diteruskan ke penggerak atau motor agar motor dapat menyesuaikan gerak tubuh robot sesuai garis yang dideteksinya.
Misalkan dalam Gambar 1 (sensor kiri pada permukaan gelap dan sensor kanan pada permukaan terang) robot dikondisikan berjalan maju (lurus), maka robot akan berbelok apabila sensor menemui kondisi yang berbeda:
a)  Tikungan ke kanan
Gambar 3. Kondisi sensor saat berbelok ke kanan
Ketika sensor kanan bertemu dengan permukaan gelap, roda kanan akan berutar ke belakang (mundur) sehingga robot berbelok kekanan.
Gambar 4. Kondisi sensor saat berbelok ke kiri
a) Tikungan ke kiri
Ketika sensor kiri bertemu dengan permukaan terang, roda kiri akan berutar ke belakang (mundur) sehingga robot berbelok ke kiri.

Komponen Utama Line Follower Robot Analog
1.    Led
Led (light emitting diode) merupakan instrument elektronika yang dapat menghasilkan cahaya.
Gambar 5.  Bentuk led dan skematik led
1.    Photodioda
Bentuk dari Photodioda sama dengan LED namun fungsinya berbeda. Photodioda digunakan sebagai sensor cahaya, bila Photodioda menerima banyak cahaya maka hambatan Photodioda berkurang sebaliknya bila menerima sedikit cahaya maka hambatannya akan bertambah.

Gambar 6. Bentuk dan symbol photo dioda
1.    IC Komparator
Komparator sesuai namanya berfungsi untuk membandingkan tegangan input dengan tegangan referensi. Apabila tegangan input lebih besar dari tegangan referensi maka tegangan outputnya akan sama dengan tegangan maks power supply (high/1), apabila tegangan input lebih kecil dari tegangan referensi maka tegangan outputnya akan sama dengan tegangan min power supply (low/0).
Gambar 7.  Skematik dan bentuk IC komparator

1.    Transistor
Transistor adalah alat yang dipakai sebagai penguat, sebagai sirkuit pemutus dan penyambung (saklar), modulasi sinyal atau sebagai fungsi lainnya. Pada line follower fungsinya lebih diutamakan sebagai saklar (switch) pada rangkaian motor penggerak.
Gambar 8.  transistor BD 139(NPN) dan BD140 (PNP)
1.    Resistor
Resistor adalah komponen elektronika yang berfungsi untuk memberikan hambatan terhadap aliran arus listrik. Dalam rangkaian listrik dibutuhkan resistor dengan spesifikasi tertentu, seperti besar hambatan, arus maksimum yang boleh dilewatkan dan karakteristik hambatan terhadap suhu dan panas. Resistor memberikan hambatan agar komponen yang diberi tegangan tidak dialiri dengan arus yang besar, serta dapat digunakan sebagai pembagi tegangan.



Gambar 9. Resistor
1.    Opto coupler
Optocoupler merupakan salah satu jenis komponen yang terdiri dari pasangan LED dan Photo transistor, dimana transistor akanaktif ketika LED menyala (dialiri arus). Hal ini dapat dimanfaatkan untuk memisahkan rangkaian komparator dengan rangkaian driver pada line follower analog.
Gambar 10. Skematik dan bentuk Optocoupler
1.    Motor DC
Motor DC merupakan motor yang membutuhkan arus searah (DC) dalam penggunaannya. Umumnya berkecepatan rendah sampai sedang, dengan penggunaan daya rendah sehingga cocok untuk digunakan dalam pembuatan robot berukuran kecil.
Gambar 11.  motor DC
1.    Trimpot
Trimpot (Trimmer Potentiometer) adalah jenis resistor variable berupa potensiometer yang cara mengubah nilai tahanannya dengan cara mentrim dengan menggunakan obeng. Fungsi lainnya yakni digunakan untuk memperoleh tegangan yang bervariasi dengan memanfaatkan rumus pembagi tegangan dari dua resistor, jadi dibaratkan dalam trimpot terdapat dua resistor yang dihubungkan seri dimana nilai hambatannnya dapat diubah-ubah.
Gambar 12. Trimpot
Skema Rangkaian Robot
1.    Sensor Garis
Apa itu sensor garis? Yang dimaksud sensor garis disini adalah suatu perangkat/alat yang digunakan untuk mendeteksi adanya sebuah garis atau tidak. Garis yang dimaksud adalah garis berwarna hitam di atas permukaan berwarna putih. Alat ini menggunakan teknik pantulan cahaya yang ditangkap oleh photodiode dari sebuah LED.
Gambar 13. Skema rangkaian sensor
1.    Komparator
Sebuah komparator dalam robot line tracer untuk menghasilkan  tegangan output dengan logika high atau low (1 atau 0) yang digunakan untuk mengaktifkan driver motor (Pada penjelasan berikutnya). IC komparator yang digunakan adalah LM339  yang terdiri dari empat buah komparator yang masing-masing membandingkan dua tegangan. Bila tegangan pada channel (Alebih besar dari tegangan channel (B) maka output komparator akan berlogika HIGH atau 1. Sedangkan bila  tegangan input pada channel (Alebih kecil dari teganganpada channel(B) maka output komparator akan berlogika LOW atau 0
Gambar 14. Komparator
1.    Driver Motor
Driver motor adalahrangkaian yang digunakan untuk mengendalikan gerakan motor sesuai dengan polaritas yang diinginkan. Komponen pembuatnya terdiri dari empat buah transistor yang dirangkai seperti gambar di bawah. Pada robot line tracer ini, driver sangat penting untuk membuat roda agar dapat berputar dalam arah maju atau mundur. Jenis driver yang digunakan pada robot ini adalah driver H seperti pada rangkaian berikut:
Gambar 15. Rangkaian driver H untuk motor DC
Skema Keseluruhan
Gambar 16. Skema sensor, komparator, dan driver untuk satu motor











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